It might sound at odds with Florida’s hard-partying repute that uptight states like Virginia and Missouri legalized leisure pot earlier than it did. In any case, Florida is a spot the place sea turtles get entangled in floating bales of cocaine and the Legislature lately named a highway after Jimmy Buffett. But Florida Man nonetheless cannot get excessive for enjoyable—a minimum of not legally.
The explanation the Sunshine State is likely one of the final main holdouts for hashish prohibition is as a result of it is usually one of many hardest states to go a constitutional modification. Amendments require a 60 % supermajority vote to be ratified. It is the very best bar within the nation amongst states with a poll initiative course of, and it has confirmed deadly to earlier legalization campaigns. The primary time marijuana legalization was on the Florida poll, in 2014, it failed regardless that 57 % voted for it.
Florida voters then legalized medical marijuana in 2016 with a powerful 71 %, though the state Legislature did not go a regulation permitting medical card holders to smoke hashish till 2019. From the patron facet, the present medical marjuana system is comparatively painless, so long as you possibly can afford the semiannual physician consultations and state charges, have one of many qualifying situations, and may bounce by a number of authorities hoops.
In different phrases, it is no downside for the state’s many retirees. When Florida medical marijuana therapy facilities, often known as MMTCs, have massive gross sales, you possibly can see golf carts zipping into the parking tons and lengthy queues of silver-haired sufferers ready to select up their orders.
The state of affairs might quickly change, because of Modification 3, a poll initiative that seeks to legalize leisure marijuana, permitting adults 21 and older to own as much as three ounces of marijuana and 5 grams of concentrated THC, which is often offered within the type of oil, wax, or resin. A minimum of at first, solely current MMTCs could be allowed to promote leisure marijuana; the modification would allow however not require the state Legislature to broaden licensure exterior of MMTCs. The measure has no provisions for house cultivation, for expungement of marijuana convictions, or for the “social fairness” necessities which have popped up in different states.
The measure pits probably the most well-funded marijuana legalization marketing campaign in U.S. historical past in opposition to probably the most highly effective governor in trendy Florida historical past. On one facet is a gaggle of multistate marijuana firms with a $60 million battle chest. On the opposite is Gov. Ron DeSantis, a Republican devoted to utilizing the sheer drive of presidency to make the state a bastion for culture-war conservatives. DeSantis additionally has one uncommon ally: the state’s hemp business, which might quite take its probabilities with Florida Republicans than get locked out of the leisure market.
Polls present {that a} stable majority of Florida voters in each main events favor legalization. Even Florida resident Donald Trump introduced his assist for Modification 3 in September. However because of the excessive bar for constitutional amendments, that after once more is probably not sufficient.
Driving on how Floridians vote in November are hundreds of marijuana arrests a yr and tens of millions upon tens of millions of {dollars} in income for the couple-dozen firms that will be grandfathered into an unique new leisure market.
The stakes and the gamers concerned in Modification 3 are quintessential Florida. All of it may have been ripped straight from the state’s historical past books: a marketing campaign bankrolled by rent-seeking carpetbaggers who stand to get wealthy off the truth that even a system rigged of their favor remains to be preferable to the established order. It is Massive Pot versus Massive Authorities within the nation’s most famously zany state.
Longtime legalization advocates aren’t thrilled concerning the protectionist facet of the modification, however in addition they see a chance to take one among their largest remaining targets off the board. “I feel in a number of methods it is very clearly a cash seize,” says Morgan Fox, political director of the Nationwide Group for the Reform of Marijuana Legal guidelines. “Nevertheless it’s additionally a money-grab that’s going to cease hundreds of individuals from getting arrested yearly.”
‘You Will Be In a position To Convey 20 Joints to an Elementary Faculty’
Modification 3 has a minimum of one clear benefit over the 2014 poll measure: It arrives after legalization has already unfold throughout the nation and prohibitionists’ most dire predictions have didn’t materialize. Teenage drug use has flatlined or declined, so culture-war conservatives, together with DeSantis, have turned to a different argument: Weed stinks.
“I’ve gone to a few of these cities which have had this in every single place, it smells, there’s all these items,” DeSantis said at a press convention earlier this yr. “I do not need to have the ability to go stroll in entrance of outlets and have this. I do not need each lodge to essentially scent.”
DeSantis’ complaints have veered into the hysterical: “I feel you are going to see individuals—it is possible for you to to deliver 20 joints to an elementary faculty,” he complained. “Is that basically going to be good for the state of Florida? I do not suppose so.” He has additionally griped concerning the expansiveness of the measure. “It’s the broadest language I’ve ever seen. It appears to supersede every other regulatory regime that we have now,” DeSantis said. “Individuals in downtown areas and different communities, that is going to be a part of your neighborhood.”
That’s not true. The modification doesn’t restrict the state Legislature or native governments from creating licensing regimes or time, place, and method restrictions on marijuana companies and consumption. Actually, the Hialeah Metropolis Council passed a resolution earlier this yr vowing “to take care of a social, smoke-free social setting inside the metropolis” if Modification 3 passes.
The principle motive Modification 3 is not extra detailed is that poll amendments in Florida are certain by a single-subject rule, which suggests they need to current voters with solely a single challenge and never be complicated. Difficult marijuana poll initiatives on pedantic single-subject grounds has change into a go-to tactic for legalization opponents, says Matthew Schweich, government director of the Marijuana Coverage Undertaking, an anti-prohibition group.
“We had a victory overturned in South Dakota in a single-subject lawsuit,” Schweich says. “We additionally had our Nebraska medical marketing campaign kicked off the poll, having already certified, in 2020, because of a single-subject problem. So we’re very sympathetic to those that are averse to taking dangers in an initiative drafting course of because of the risk of a single-subject rule, and that actually applies in Florida.”
Actually, two advocacy teams and Florida Lawyer Common Ashley Moody challenged Amendment 3 on single-issue and readability grounds, respectively.
Moody’s workplace argued it misled voters in a number of methods: It failed to tell voters of the persevering with unlawful standing of marijuana beneath federal regulation, misled voters on state oversight by failing to grant well being officers authority over leisure gross sales, and misled voters into believing there could be extra competitors within the leisure market. “This rigorously curated poll abstract misleads in ways in which, although generally delicate, are prone to affect voters—and to take action in a manner that entrenches the Sponsor’s monopolistic stranglehold on the marijuana market to the detriment of Floridians,” Moody’s workplace wrote in its brief to the Florida Supreme Court docket. “The initiative ought to be stricken.”
Moody efficiently blocked two proposed marijuana amendments utilizing comparable arguments in 2021. This time, the Florida Supreme Court docket, stacked with conservative DeSantis appointees, authorized it for the poll anyway.
The arguments in opposition to the measure principally serve to reveal how weak the case in opposition to it’s: If the worst concern opponents of Modification 3 can conjure is a smelly lodge hallway, that pales compared to the injustice of throwing hundreds of adults in jail and jail yearly for smoking marijuana.
If Modification 3 passes, it will likely be a decisive rejection by voters of the form of quality-of-life arguments that DeSantis and different legalization opponents have turned to.
“That is the flip facet of the coin of the 60 % rule,” Schweich says. “It sucks and it makes it onerous to win and it is irritating, however you do stroll away with a fairly sturdy mandate from the individuals.”
‘They’re Arresting Individuals for Smoking Hashish on the Seaside?’
In the event you thought “Free Florida,” as DeSantis likes to name it, was the form of place the place a cop may flip a blind eye to a bit ol’ joint, you are unsuitable. However you are not alone.
Final December, I sat in Miami-Dade County misdemeanor courtroom watching the each day parade of defendants showing for the same old stuff, like open container violations and boating offenses—that is, in any case, Florida—when one case brought on the choose to boost his eyebrows.
The defendant had been cited for smoking marijuana on the well-known sands of Miami Seaside. “They’re arresting individuals for smoking hashish on the seashore over there?” the choose requested the road prosecutor, seeming to be actually stunned that this case was showing on his already-crowded docket.
The state assured the choose that Miami Seaside nonetheless takes marijuana enforcement fairly critically. And so do many cities throughout the state.
Information from the Florida Division of Legislation Enforcement show there have been roughly 3,300 marijuana expenses filed in county courts thus far in 2024, and practically 6,500 final yr. WWE wrestler Liv Morgan was amongst these arrested for marijuana possession early in 2024. If an expert wrestler cannot get a break for possessing pot in Florida, what hope is there for the remainder of us?
These arrests are what Modification 3 seeks to finish. Good & Secure Florida, the marketing campaign to go the modification, has began hammering on overcriminalization in its appeals to voters. Over July 4 weekend, the marketing campaign dropped two television ads throughout the state concerning the injustice of marijuana arrests. It featured John Morgan, managing accomplice of the huge non-public harm regulation agency Morgan & Morgan. Morgan is named Florida’s “pot daddy,” and his agency spent $15 million on the profitable marketing campaign to legalize medical marijuana within the state.
“Practically 250 years in the past, our nation declared our independence,” Morgan stated in one of many adverts. “Now it is time for us to declare our independence from legal guidelines that demand jail time for merely having or consuming marijuana.”
“Modification 3 will put a cease to this and let the cops combat actual crime, not faux crime,” he says within the second advert. “I am uninterested in individuals being thrown in jail for one thing that’s much less dangerous than alcohol or opioids.”
‘You Are Not Getting Into the Florida Hashish Trade’
The explanation Good & Secure Florida is ready to blanket the state in TV adverts on July 4 weekend is that it has raised $61 million since 2022, making it probably the most well-funded marijuana legalization marketing campaign in U.S. historical past.
Most of that eye-popping determine has come from Trulieve, one of many largest publicly traded marijuana firms on this planet by market capitalization. Trulieve operates greater than 140 medical marijuana dispensaries all through Florida, dominating the area. It offered roughly half of all authorized flower within the state in 2020, according to MJBizDaily. Trulieve has donated $55 million to Good & Secure Florida.
Trulieve is the most important license holder. There are not any small ones.
Mother-and-pop operations don’t exist in Florida’s medical marijuana market. That is by design. All MMTCs are required to be vertically built-in, which means they need to be capable to domesticate, course of, and retail their very own product. The state additionally slow-walked the implementation of medical marijuana and delayed awarding licenses. It has additionally steadily elevated the charge for licenses greater than 20 instances since voters first authorized medical marijuana in 2016, so {that a} license now prices $1.3 million. There are at present solely 25 licensed MMTCs in Florida, and solely one among them is minority-owned.
“Mainly, except you have got an enormous quantity of capital entry, you aren’t moving into the Florida hashish business,” Fox says. “Even the few carve-outs that the medical program had to assist enfranchise marginalized communities and particularly black farmers have been both very, very gradual to roll out, have rolled out poorly, or have been challenged by litigation.”
All of this, though explicitly demanded by the state of Florida, has created the unavoidable actuality that Modification 3 will lock within the small variety of current license-holders and lock out everybody else, except and till the Legislature creates extra laws or ramps up issuing new medical licenses.
Even the DeSantis administration has keyed in on this line of assault, though it is little greater than concern-trolling.
“Modification 3 would create a monopoly on leisure,” DeSantis aide Christina Pushaw posted on X in August. “It additionally would not permit house rising. Why is it that different states which have handed leisure marijuana additionally permit people to house develop, however Florida’s Modification 3 particularly does NOT? It isn’t about ‘freedom,’ it is company greed.” (The Republican-controlled Florida Legislature and governor’s workplace stay free to go and signal a invoice legalizing home-grown marijuana anytime they need.)
In equity to the Modification 3 drafters, they needed to say one thing about who was going to have the ability to promote leisure marijuana, however in addition they needed to keep away from the state of affairs the place a choose rejects the initiative on single-subject grounds. Grandfathering in current medical dispensaries was a easy answer.
“They’ve about pretty much as good of a protection for a comparatively closed licensing system that any initiative may have,” Schweich says. “And I will be any person who’s going to be advocating for extra licenses, extra competitors, and decrease boundaries to entry.”
Schweich additionally notes that there isn’t any manner the Modification 3 marketing campaign may afford to run competitively in a big state like Florida with out business assist.
“Now the hashish reform motion, the nonprofit facet, may be very small,” Schweich says. “We may by no means fund a Florida marketing campaign given the prices. So if there wasn’t an incentive for the present medical operators, would they’ve donated to this marketing campaign? And would we actually all be higher off with one other 4 years of prohibition in Florida?”
Pot Protectionism
Pot legalization advocates pushed for a poll measure as a result of the prospect of the Florida Legislature passing something near Modification 3 was about the identical as the prospect of a snowstorm in Miami. But when Modification 3 passes, the state’s Legislature may open up the pot business to extra competitors. Fox thinks “that it is far more life like that they could be capable to push by one thing that may create a extra truthful licensure construction.” But when that does not occur, Florida’s legalization regime could be among the many extra closed and protectionist techniques within the nation.
Since Colorado grew to become the primary state to legalize in 2012, states have enacted a reasonably extensive spectrum of regulatory schemes. Colorado’s was largely an unfettered market, however that form of free-for-all bothered each social conservatives and lots of pro-legalization liberals. The District of Columbia’s legalization efforts have been caught in limbo due to congressional interference since 2015, leading to a clumsy grey market, but it surely additionally permits house cultivation of as much as three marijuana vegetation per grownup.
Different states have added “social fairness” provisions to their legalization measures. Massachusetts and New York, for instance, each have packages to prioritize minority candidates and reinvest in communities that have been focused by the battle on medication.
Fairness provisions could also be well-intentioned, however in observe they quantity to a different manner for the federal government to select winners and losers, with the same old outcomes. The rollout of New York’s authorized marijuana market has been disastrously delayed and dogged by accusations of favoritism and retaliation. Entrepreneurs who tried to get in on the bottom ground of the business are on the verge of chapter, whereas hundreds of unlawful storefronts are promoting grey and black market weed—exams of which have revealed excessive ranges of fungus and pesticides.
Likewise, overregulation and overtaxation in California has kneecapped what was purported to be the most important authorized marijuana market within the nation. Michigan, regardless of having roughly 20 million fewer individuals than California, lately overtook California as the most important state marijuana market when it comes to grams of hashish legally offered. California remains to be bringing in additional {dollars} than Michigan—$5 billion versus $3 billion in 2023—however that’s as a result of California closely taxes hashish. Crain’s Detroit Enterprise reported that some California shoppers can resist a 38 % tax on marijuana when all of the state and native beak-wetting is added up, whereas Michigan solely applies a ten % excise tax and 6 % gross sales tax, with no native taxes allowed.
The consequence: Michigan’s authorized marijuana is definitely aggressive with black market costs, whereas excessive costs are driving a major share of California’s shoppers to the black market.
It might be that, as with democracy generally, voters get the legalization schemes they deserve. However Floridians do not appear to thoughts an excessive amount of. A July Fox Information ballot found that 66 % of respondents supported Modification 3, together with 57 % of Republicans.
‘We Have To Pay $5 Million To Maintain Our Finish of the Veto’
DeSantis has usually used his energy and his bully pulpit to get his manner in Florida, however this time he’s going through extraordinarily well-funded opposition from out-of-state firms that he has little leverage over, on a problem that’s more popular than him.
Maybe sensing the drawback, he is been looking for any manner he can to undercut Modification 3. DeSantis introduced the creation earlier this yr of the Florida Freedom Fund, a political committee to steer donations towards preventing Florida’s abortion and marijuana poll amendments in ways in which he cannot by his official workplace. To this point, the Florida Freedom Fund is being dwarfed by its opposition. In its first 5 weeks of fundraising, it raised solely $10,000. A Republican billionaire additionally committed $12 million to his personal anti–Modification 3 political motion committee.
However DeSantis has his personal business allies. Earlier this yr, he vetoed a Republican-led invoice that will have harshly regulated Florida’s hemp business. He cited the variety of jobs and small companies that the state’s burgeoning hemp business supported. The Miami Herald, nevertheless, has reported that the governor was aiming to enlist the business as a wedge in opposition to Modification 3.
Ideologically, the veto made little sense, since there isn’t any purposeful distinction between a pot dispensary and a head store promoting intoxicating delta-9 THC derived from hemp—besides that the previous could be extra tightly regulated than the latter if Modification 3 handed. Intoxicating hemp-derived THC is simply authorized as a result of Congress did not comprehend it was attainable to extract psychoactive THC from hemp when it legalized the crop in 2018. However DeSantis desires some heavy-hitters in his nook within the combat in opposition to Modification 3, and the hemp business, which has shut ties to the Florida Republican institution, is hoping that it could possibly keep away from a Massive Pot monopoly and preserve a good regulatory setting within the state.
In July, CBS Miami reported on a WhatsApp group of Florida hemp business insiders. The aim of the chat group, which had greater than 1,000 members, was to drive cash to the Republican Occasion of Florida, and it included a financial institution routing quantity for donations. “We have now to pay $5 million to maintain our finish of the veto,” one hemp government wrote to the group.
DeSantis confidently predicted that voters will reject Modification 3, but it surely’s a prediction that carries no small quantity of political threat.
If he is unsuitable on election night time, he’ll be on the unsuitable facet of a 60-plus % landslide, and the one scent on legalization opponents’ minds would be the stink of failure.
This text initially appeared in print beneath the headline “Massive Pot vs. Massive Authorities.”
